This rigid zone is taken advantage of using member offsets It is you choice whether or not you wish to use these. The information that is printed includes start and end joint numbers incidence , member length, beta angle and member end releases.
More information on the support specification is available in Section 5. Member Load specification is explained in Section 5. A 10 kip force is acting at joint 2 in the global X direction. The second line provides the components of the load combination case - primary load cases and the factors by which they should be individually multiplied.
Section 5. The member forces are in the member local axes while support reactions are in the global axes. Parameters are specified typically when their values differ from the built-in program defaults.
The yield strength of steel is specified as ksf 40 ksi since it is different from the default value of 36 ksi. The above command instructs the program to do another cycle of analysis. It controls the level of information produced in the steel design output.
We have lowered it from 2. These forces will very likely be quite different from those which were used in the member selection operation.
Save the file and return to the main screen. This concludes the session on generating our model as a command file using the built-in editor. If you wish to perform the analysis and design, you may proceed to the next section of this manual. The on-screen post-processing facilities are explained in Section 1. Warning: Remember that without successfully completing the analysis and design, the post- processing facilities will not be accessible. Pro performs Analysis and Design simultaneously.
As the analysis progresses, several messages appear on the screen as shown in the figure below. The output file contains the numerical results produced in response to the various input commands we specified during the model generation process.
It also tells us whether any errors were encountered, and if so, whether the analysis and design was successfully completed or not. The Go to Post Processing Mode option allows us to go to graphical part of the program known as the Post-processor. This is where one can extensively verify the results, view the results graphically, plot result diagrams, produce reports, etc. The Stay in Modelling Mode lets us continue to be in the Model generation mode of the program the one we currently are in in case we wish to make further changes to our model.
Pro creates an Output file. This file provides important information on whether the analysis was performed properly. Pro encounters an instability problem during the analysis process, it will be reported in the output file.
We can access the output file using the method explained at the end of the previous section. Pro output file for the problem we just ran is shown in the next few pages.
Pro output file is displayed through a file viewer called SproView. This viewer allows us to set the text font for the entire file and print the output file to a printer. Use the appropriate File menu option from the menu bar. Figure By default, the output file contains a listing of the entire input also. You may choose not to print the echo of the input commands in the Output file.
It is quite important that we browse through the entire output file and make sure that the results look reasonable, that there are no error messages or warnings reported, etc. The information presented in the output file is a crucial indicator of whether or not the structure satisfies the engineering requirements of safety and serviceability. STD 2. ALPHA 6. Pro offers extensive result verification and visualization facilities. These facilities are accessed from the Post Processing Mode.
The Post Processing mode is used to verify the analysis and design results and generate reports. However, you can access the Post Processing mode by the following procedure at any point. Steps: 1. Select either the Post-Processing tool Figure 1. The Results Setup dialog opens. Select the load cases for which to display the results. The title at the bottom of the diagram is indicative of that aspect.
Figure Annotation is the process of displaying the displacement values on the screen. The Annotation dialog opens. If you wish to annotate deflection for just a few nodes, specify the node numbers in the node list.
From the Node tab, set the Resultant check box. Resultant stands for the square root of sum of squares of values of X, Y and Z displacements. Click the Annotate button and notice that the values appear on the structure and then click Close.
The bending moment MZ will be plotted by default, evidence of which can be found in the form of the Mz icon shown in the diagram below which becomes active. Select the Ranges tab and select All members. Click the Annotate button and notice that the values appear on the structure and click OK. The Diagrams Dialog opens to the Loads and Results tab. The resulting figure is shown below. Figure For the sake of easy identification, each degree of freedom d.
One may change the color for that d. Figure The appearance of the diagram may also be set to one of the 3 — Hatch, Fill or Outline by turning on the relevant option in the dialog shown earlier.
Alternatively, one may select the DimensionBeams option from the Tools menu. In the dialog that opens, the option Dimension to View is active. Click Display followed by the Close button, and the dimensions of the members will appear alongside the members.
Figure Figure The diagram will look like the one shown below. This picture may be included in custom reports. See Chapter 2 for a tutorial on taking pictures as well as generating custom reports. Figure For obtaining a quick print of the plot on the screen, select the Print Current View tool as shown below. Pro Graphical Environment manual. Using the command file. Both methods are explained in this tutorial also. The graphical method is explained first, from Section 2.
Section 2. Our goal is to create the model, assign all required input, and perform the analysis and concrete design. Pro window displaying the start screen Note: See "1. Select Space.
Select Meter as the length unit and Kilo Newton as the force unit. Pro main window is the primary screen from where the model generation process takes place. It is important to familiarize ourselves with the components of that window before we embark on creating the RC Frame.
Pro model We are now ready to start building the model geometry. From the standpoint of the STAAD command file, the commands to be generated for the structure shown in section 2. We selected the Add Beam option earlier to enable us to add beams and columns to create the structure. Select Linear,which is the Default Grid. By setting 12 as the number of lines to the right of the origin along X, 7 above the origin along Y, and a spacing of 0.
After entering the specifications, provide a name and click OK. Figure This way, we can create any number of grids. Figure Figure 4. When steps 1 to 4 are completed, the frame will be displayed in the drawing area as shown below. At this point, let us remove the grid display from the structure. It is very important that we save our work often, to avoid loss of data and protect our investment of time and effort against power interruptions, system problems, or other unforeseen events.
Switching on node and beam labels Node and beam labels are a way of identifying the entities we have drawn on the screen. In order to display the node and beam numbers. The following figure illustrates the node and beam numbers displayed on the structure. Examining the structure shown in section 2. Fortunately, such a facility does exist which can be executed in a single step. It is called Circular Repeat and is available under the Geometry menu.
First, select members 1 and 2 using the Beams Cursor tool. Either select the Circular Repeat tool from the appropriate toolbar Figure 2. The 3D Circular dialog opens. Figure After completing the circular repeat procedure, the model will look as shown below. This will require changing the current length units of input. Select either the Property Page tool located on the Structure Tools toolbar.
Figure or select the General Property page from the left side of the screen as shown below. Click Define… The Property dialog opens. Select the Rectangle tab. If we keep it that way, the material properties of concrete E, Poisson, Density, Alpha, etc. The material property values so assigned will be the program defaults. We do not want default values, instead we will assign our own values later on.
Thus, clear the Material check box. To create the third member property, in the Property dialog, select the Circle option. Specify the diameter YD as mm. Thus, clear the Material check box and click Add. Click Close.
Select the first property reference in the Properties dialog Rect 0. Click on members 1 and 4. To stop the assignment process select Assign or press the ESC key. Figure In a similar fashion, assign the remaining properties. After all the member properties have been assigned, the model will look as shown below. Orientation refers to the directions along which the width and depth of the cross section are aligned with respect to the global axis system.
Pro Technical Reference Manual. We wish to orient member 4 so that its longer edges sides parallel to local Y axis are parallel to the global Z axis.
This requires applying a beta angle of 90 degrees. Select the Beta Angle tab in the Properties dialog. Click Create Beta Angle. In the Beta Angle dialog, specify the Angle in degrees as Highlight the expression Beta 90 in the Properties dialog. Then, select member 4 using the Beams Cursor tool. Notice that as we select the member, the Assignment Method automatically sets to Assign to Selected Beams. Click anywhere in the drawing area to un-highlight the member.
An alternative method to assign beta angles is the following. First select the member for which you wish to assign the beta angle. The desired values are listed at the beginning of this tutorial. In the Material Constant dialog that appears, enter 22 in the Enter Value box. Since the value has to be assigned to all the members of the structure, the current setting of the assignment method, namely, To View, allows us to achieve this easily.
Then, click OK. In the Set Current input Units dialog that comes up, specify the length units as Meter. To define the Poisson's Ratio, using the similar procedure as described above, provide the value 0. In other words, fixed supports are to be specified at those nodes.
Select the Support Page tool located in the Structure Tools toolbar as shown below. Figure or select the General Support page from the left side of the screen. Figure The Supports dialog opens. Since we already know that nodes 1, 4 and 5 are to be associated with the Fixed support, using the Nodes Cursor tool , select these nodes.
The Create Support dialog opens. Select the Fixed tab and click Assign. Click anywhere in the drawing area to un-select all selected nodes and prevent accidental assignment of unwanted data to those nodes. The instructions at the beginning of this tutorial require us to analyze this structure using an analysis type called PDelta.
A Pdelta analysis is a non-linear type of analysis. An error message is displayed if this is attempted. Before creating load cases, we have to change the force unit to Kilogram. See "2. The load values are listed in the beginning of this tutorial in kg and meter units. Rather than convert those values to the current input units, we will conform to those units. To create loads, select either the Load Page tool located on the Structure Tools tool bar.
To initiate the first load case, select the Load Case Details section in the list and click Add…. This type of association needs to be done if you intend to use the program's facility for automatically generating load combinations in accordance with those codes. You will notice that the Add New Load Items dialog box shows more options now. Specify the Direction as Y, and the Factor as The negative number signifies that the selfweight load acts opposite to the positive direction of the global axis Y — STAAD.
Click Add button. The selfweight load is applicable to every member of the structure, and cannot be applied on a selected list of members. Load 1 contains an additional load component, the member loads on members 2 and 5.
To create the member load, first, select 1: Dead Load followed by the Add… button. Figure 7. The negative value signifies that the load acts along the negative GY direction.
The member load we just created has to be assigned to members 2 and 5. Figure 9. Next, select members 2 and 5 using the Beams Cursor tool. Then, select Assign to Selected Beams and then Assign. Figure As we click on the Assign button, the following dialog box appears. This message box appears just to confirm that we indeed wish to associate the loadcase with the selected beams.
Click Yes. Select Load Case Details and then click Add…. Once again, the Add New Load Cases dialog opens. Figure In this dialog box, once again, we are not associating the load case we are about to create with any code based Loading Type and so, we will leave that box as None.
Specify the Title of the second load case as Live Load and click Add. To create the member load, select 2: Live Load. After the second load case has been assigned, the structure will look as shown below: Figure Click anywhere in the drawing area to un-highlight the members.
As before, first select Load Case Details in the Load dialog box to initiate the third load case. To apply the load on member 1, follow the procedure similar to that in steps 6 to 9. We now come to the point where we have to create load case 4 as 1. This indicates that the load data values from load case 1 are multiplied by a factor of 1. The Add New Load Items dialog box will now look as shown below. Click on the Add button. Figure No further operation is required for load case 4.
The structure will now look similar to the one shown below. Since load cases 4 and 5 are near identical in nature, the same procedure used in creating load case 4 is applicable for case 5 also. Let us select Load Case Details in the Load dialog box to initiate the fifth load case. Follow steps 16 to 19 except for associating a Factor of 1.
Figure Since we have completed creating all the load cases, we may now click Close. Since this problem involves concrete beam and column design per the ACI code, second-order analysis is required and has to be done on factored loads acting simultaneously.
The factored loads have been created earlier as cases 4 and 5. Now is the time to specify the analysis type. Select the PDelta Analysis tab. Load cases 4 and 5 will be selected and placed in the Load List selection box. Click OK. Such terms are called concrete design parameters. Set the force units as Newton and the length units as Millimeter.
Click Define Parameters in the Concrete Design dialog. The Design Parameters dialog opens. Then, provide the value as 25mm and click Add. After all the design parameters have been assigned, the Concrete Design dialog will look as shown below. The easiest way to do that is to use the Assign To View method: 1. Highlight the parameter in the Concrete Design Whole Structure dialog you wish to assign to model elements. Select the Assign to View option.
We intend to design beams 2 and 5 and columns 1, 3 and 4. Design commands are generated through the dialogs available under the Commands button in the Concrete Design dialog. So, let us click Commands as shown below. We also need to add a command for designing columns. So, select the Design Column option and click on Add 4. The next step is to associate the Design Beam command with members 2 and 5 and the Design Column command with members 1, 3 and 4. Select the Design Beam option and then select members 2 and 5 using the Beams Cursor tool.
Click on Assign to Selected Beams and then Assign. This message box appears just to confirm that we indeed wish to associate the design command with the selected beams. C Yes. As we saw in Section 2. If you want to skip that part, proceed to section 2. Figure To access the built-in editor, first start the program using the procedure explained in Section 2. Next, follow step 1 of Section 2. Figure You will then encounter the dialog shown below.
Semicolon signs ; are used as line separators. That enables us to provide multiple sets of data on one line. When YD alone is specified, the section is considered to be circular. Details are available in Section 5 of the Technical Reference Manual. In order to orient member 4 so that its longer edges sides parallel to local Y axis are parallel to the global Z axis, we need to apply a beta angle of 90 degrees.
Load case 1 is initiated along with an accompanying title. Since global Y is vertically upward, the factor of GY indicates that the load is in the global Y direction. The word UNI stands for uniformly distributed load. Loads are applied on members 2 and 5. GX indicates that the load is in the global X direction. Loads are applied on members 1 and 4. We are instructing the program to analyze the structure for loads from cases 1 and 2 acting simultaneously.
The load data values from load case 1 are multiplied by a factor of 1. Similarly, the load data values from load case 2 are multiplied by a factor of 1. The intent here is to restrict concrete design calculations to that for load cases 4 and 5 only. The values for the concrete design parameters are defined in the above commands. Design is performed per the ACI Code. The TRACK value dictates the extent of design related information which should be produced by the program in the output.
These parameters are described in Section 3 of the Technical Reference Manual. Let us save the file and exit the editor. As the analysis progresses, several messages appear on the screen as shown in the next figure. Figure Notice that we can choose from the three options available in the above dialog: Figure These options are indicative of what will happen after we click on the Done button. The Stay in Modelling Mode lets us continue to be in the Model generation mode of the program the one we current are in in case we wish to make further changes to our model.
You may choose not to print the echo of the input commands in the output file. MM FY - FC - X TO 3NO12 H MM PN DES. To return to this particular diagram, either select the Node Displacement page along the page control area on the left side.
To change the load case for which to view the deflection diagram, either select the desired load in the Active Load list Figure or select the Symbols and Labels tool Figure 2. Select the Loads and Results tab and choose the desired load case from the Load Case list box. The following figure shows the deflected shape of the structure for load case 3. The deflection of Load Case 5 will now be displayed on the model as shown in the following figure. To change the scale of the deflection plot, you may 1.
The Diagrams dialog opens to the Scales tab. The deflection diagram should now be larger. In the Diagrams dialog Scales tab, if you set Apply Immediately check box, pressing the up or down buttons associated with the parameter will produce immediate results in terms of a smaller or a larger diagram. The following dialog opens. From the Ranges tab, select Allnodes. Select the Node tab and set the Resultant option.
Figure Resultant stands for the square root of sum of squares of values of X, Y and Z displacements. Click Annotate and then click Close. The structure deflection diagram is annotated for load case 2, as in the following figure. The Options dialog opens. The diagram will be updated to reflect the new units.
The upper table, called the Node Displacements table, lists the displacement values for every node for every selected load case. See section 2. Figure Summary This tab, shown in the figure below, presents the maximum and minimum nodal dis- placements translational and rotational for each degree of freedom. All nodes and all Load Cases specified during the Results Setup are considered.
All spec- ified members and all specified load cases are included. The table shows displacements along the local axes of the members, as well as their resultants. Max Displacements The Max Displacements tab presents the summary of maximum sectional displacements see figure below.
This table includes the maximum displacement values and location of its occurrence along the member, for all specified members and all specified load cases. The table also provides the ratio of the span length of the member to the resultant maximum section displacement of the member. Figure The sub-pages under the Node page are described below in brief.
Reactions Displays support reactions on the drawing as well as in a tabular form. Modes Displays mode shapes for the selected Mode shape number. The eigenvectors are simultaneously displayed in tabular form. This Page appears only for dynamic analyses cases, namely, response spectrum, time history, and if modal calculations are requested.
Time History Displays Time history plots, for time history analysis. This sub- page too will appear only if time history analysis is performed. The Diagrams dialog opens. The figure below shows the shear force diagram for load case 2. To change the scale of the moment plot, you may 1. In the Bending field, specify a smaller number than what is currently listed, and click OK.
The moment diagram should now be larger. In the above dialog, if you set the Apply Immediately check box, pressing the up or down arrow keys alongside the number will produce immediate results in terms of a smaller or a larger diagram. You may change the color for that d. Select the Beam Results tab, check the Maximum option for Bending results.
Click Annotate and the click Close. The maximum moment, MZ, values for load case 5 are displayed on the structure bending diagram, as show in the following figure. Select the Force Units tab. For bending moments, change the Moment unit from its current setting to kip-ft. Figure Summary This tab, shown in the next figure, presents the maximum and minimum values forces and moments for each degree of freedom. All beams and all Load Cases specified during the Results Setup are considered.
Select Beam Graph on the left side of the screen as shown below. Select a member in the main window and the graphs are plotted for that member in the data area. The following figure shows the graphs plotted for member 1 for load case 4. Figure The Diagram dialog opens.
Set the check box for the degrees of freedom you wish to view in the diagram. The selected degree of freedom are plotted in that window. After the load cases have been selected, click OK. It is also a place from where many of the member attributes such as the property definition, specifications releases, truss, cable, etc.
Steps: To access this facility, first select the member. Let us try double-clicking on member 4. Let us take a look at the Property tab. Figure The figure above shows where the buttons are located on the member query box.
This is due to the fact that the current output no longer reflects the new input. Else, changing the member attributes for one member will subsequently change the attributes of all other members belonging to the same attribute list. For example, if the current member's property is also assigned to other members, changing the property on the current member will change the property of all the members.
The following dialog appears. Figure The above page contains facilities for viewing values for shears and moments, selecting the load cases for which those results are presented, a slider bar see next figure for looking at the values at specific points along the member length, and a Print option for printing the items on display.
Experiment with these options to see what sort of results you can get. Grab the slider bar using the mouse and move it to obtain the values at specific locations. Figure Another page Deflection of the above dialog is shown below. The facility which enables us to obtain such customized on-screen results is the Report menu on top of the screen.
Here, you will create a report that includes a table with the member major axis moment MZ values sorted in the order High to Low, for members 1 and 4 for all the load cases. The Beam End Forces dialog opens.
Select the Sorting tab. Hint: If you wish to save this report for future use, select the Report tab, provide a title for the report, and set the Save ID check box. Select the Loading tab and ensure all the five load cases have been selected. To print this table, right click anywhere in this table area and select Print from the pop-up menu. The simplest of these is in the edit menu and is called Copy Picture.
It transfers the contents of the active drawing window to the windows clipboard. We can then go into any picture processing program like Microsoft Paint or Microsoft Word and paste the picture in that program for further processing.
Another more versatile option enables us to include any "snapshot" or picture of the drawing window into a report. It is called Take Picture and is under the Edit menu. Let us examine this feature. Provide a caption for the picture so that it may be identified when building a report. Click OK to save the picture. This picture is saved till we are ready to produce a customized report of results.
Pro offers extensive report generation facilities. Items which can be incorporated into such reports include input information, numerical results, steel design results, etc. One can choose from among a select set of load cases, mode shapes, structural elements, etc.. We may include any "snapshot" or picture of the screen taken using the Take Picture toolbar icon. Other customizable parameters include the font size, title block, headers, footers, etc.
Figure Different tabs of this dialog offer different options. The Items tab lists all available data which may be included in the report. Note that the items under the Selected list are the ones which have been selected by default.
Job Information is already selected by default. From the Available list box, select Output. Then select Pictures from the Available list box and select Picture 1. When all the items have been selected, the Report Setup dialog should appear as shown below. Select the Load Cases tab to select the Load Cases to be included in the report.
In the first case, all Load Case results will appear under a particular Node or Beam. In the second case, results for all Nodes or Beams for a particular Load Case will appear together. Select the Picture Album tab to visually identify the pictures taken earlier.
Click on the blank area and type the name and address of the company. Click on the Right radio button in the Alignment group under Text to right-align the company name. Hint: It is always a good idea to first preview the report before printing it. This is done by selecting the Print Preview tool. Figure The first and the last pages of the report are shown in the next two figures.
Both methods of creating the model are explained in this tutorial. The graphical method is explained from Section 3. The command file method is explained in Section 3. We will model it using 6 quadrilateral 4-noded plate elements.
The structure and the mathematical model are shown in the figures below. It is subjected to selfweight, pressure loads and temperature loads. Our goal is to create the model, assign all required input, perform the analysis, and go through the results. Set the Add Plate check box. Click Finish. Using a mixture of drawing an element and the Translational Repeat facility. Using the Structure Wizard facility in the Geometry menu.
Using the Mesh Generation facility of the main graphical screen. We selected the Add Plate option earlier to enable us to add plates to create the structure. Figure It is worth paying attention to the fact that when we chose the Add Plate option in section 3. We will choose Linear which is the Default Grid. In our structure, the elements lie in the X-Z plane.
So, in this dialog, let us choose X-Z as the Plane of the grid. By setting 6 as the number of lines to the right of the origin along X, 4 along Z, and a spacing of 1 meter between lines along both X and Z see next figure we can draw a frame 6m X 4m, adequate for our model. In fact, we do not even need this 6m X 4m grid.
The method we are using here requires just a 2m X 2m grid since we are about to draw just a single element. This way, we can create any number of grids.
Figure Creating Element 1 a. The four corners of the first element are at the coordinates 0, 0, 0 , 2, 0, 0 , 2, 0, 2 , and 0, 0, 2 respectively. In a similar fashion, click on the remaining three points to create nodes and automatically join successive nodes by a plate.
When steps 1 and 2 are completed, the element will be displayed in the drawing area as shown below. Figure The grid will now be removed and the structure in the main window should resemble the figure shown below. To save the file, pull down the File menu and select the Save command. For easy identification, the entities drawn on the screen can be labeled. Let us display the plate numbers. The following figure illustrates the plate number displayed on the structure.
Figure If you are feeling adventurous, here is a small exercise for you. Examining the structure shown in section 3. The program does indeed have a Copy-Paste facility and it is under the Edit menu. First, select plate 1 using the Plates Cursortool. Since this facility allows us to create only one copy at a time, all that we can create from element 1 is element 2. Figure The model will now look like the one shown below. So, let us create the third element by repeating steps 8 to 10 except for providing 4m for X in the Paste with Move dialog.
Alternatively, we could use element 2 as the basis for creating element 3, in which case, the X increment will be 2m. If you make a mistake and end up pasting the element at a wrong location, you can undo the operation by selecting Undo from the Edit menu. After creating the third element, the model should look like the one shown below. Figure Click anywhere in the screen to un-highlight the highlighted plate. Creating elements 4, 5 and 6 a. The elements 4, 5 and 6 are identical to the first three elements except that their nodes are at a Z distance of 2m away from the corresponding nodes of elements 1 to 3.
We can hence use the Copy-Paste technique and specify the Z increment as 2m. Select all three of the existing plates by rubber-banding around them using the mouse. Then, click OK and observe that three new elements are created. Since some elements are still highlighted, click anywhere in the drawing area to un- highlight those elements. The model, with all the six plates generated, will now look as shown below.
Figure If you want to proceed with assigning the remainder of the data, go to section 3. Instead, if you wish to explore the remaining methods of creating this model, the current structure will have to be entirely deleted. This can be done using the following procedure. The entire structure will be highlighted. A message dialog opens to confirm the deletion of the selected plates.
Click OK A message dialog opens indicating that orphan nodes have been created and to confirm their deletion. The entire structure is now deleted. To utilize this facility, we need at least one existing entity to use as the basis for the translational repeat.
Once that is done, our model will look like the one shown below. That is because, that facility does not contain a provision for specifying the number of copies one would like to create. Translational Repeat is a facility where such a provision is available.
Select plate 1 using the Plates Cursor. Select the Translational Repeat tool Figure 3. The 3D Repeat dialog opens. By default when the Geometry Only option is not checked , all loads, properties, design parameters, member releases, etc. By checking the new option labeled Geometry Only, the translational repeating will be performed using only the Geometry data. In our example, it does not matter because no other attributes have been assigned yet. The Link Steps option is applicable when the newly created units are physically removed from the existing units, and when one wishes to connect them using members.
Renumber Bay enables us to use our own numbering scheme for entities that will be created, instead of using a sequential numbering that the program does if no instructions are provided. Let us leave these boxes unchecked. Figure d. Since element 1 is still highlighted, click anywhere in the drawing area to un-highlight it.
The model will now look as shown below. Let us follow the same Translational Repeat method to create these elements.
Select all the three existing plates by rubber-banding around them using the mouse. Make sure that before you do this, the cursor type is the Plates Cursor , else, no plates will be selected. Leave all the other boxes unchecked. All the 6 elements are now created. Since some of the plates are still highlighted, click anywhere in the drawing area to un-highlight them.
Our model will now look like the one shown below. A surface entity such as a slab or wall, which can be defined using 3-noded or 4-noded plate elements, is one such prototype. We can also create our own library of structure prototypes. From this wizard, a structural model may parametrically be generated, and can then be incorporated into our main structure.
Structure Wizard can hence be thought of as a store from where one can fetch various components and assemble a complete structure. The Structure Wizard window opens up as shown below.
The unit of length should be specified prior to the generation of a model. A dialog by the name Select Meshing Parameters comes up. In this box, we specify, among other things, two main pieces of information - a the dimensions of the boundary or superelement as it is commonly known from which the individual elements are generated b the number of individual elements that must be generated.
Let us provide the Corners, the Bias, and the Divisions of the model as shown in the figure below. Then, click Apply. Pro Model as shown below. When the following message box comes up, let us confirm our transfer by clicking on the Yes button. Figure The dialog shown in the next figure comes up. If we had an existing structure in the main window, in this dialog, we will be able to provide the co-ordinates of a node of the structure in the main window to which we want to connect the piece being brought from the wizard.
In our case, since we do not have an existing structure in the main window, nor do we wish to shift the unit by any amount, let us simply click OK. The model will now be transferred to the main window. Pro GUI contains a facility for generating a mesh of elements from a boundary or superelement defined by a set of corner nodes.
This facility is in addition to the one we saw in Method 3. The boundary has to form a closed surface and has to be a plane, though that plane can be inclined to any of the global planes. The first step in defining the boundary is selecting the corner nodes. If these nodes do not exist, they must be created before they can be selected.
Pro , the amount of screen space occupied by a number of toolbar icons has been recovered by collapsing a number of similar icons into a single icon. The active icon can be changed by holding down the left mouse button when clicking on the button. Icons that have this property are identified with a black triangle in their lower right corner.
We have already seen this dialog in methods 1 and 2. As before, click Create. The Linear dialog opens. All that we are interested in is the 4 corner nodes of the super-element. So, let us set 1 as the number of lines to the right of the origin along X and Z, and a spacing of 6m between lines along X and 4m along Z.
Those four points represent the four corners of our slab and are 0, 0, 0 , 6, 0, 0 , 6, 0, 4 , and 0, 0, 4. In fact, keeping the Ctrl key pressed and clicking at points on the grid successively, is a way of creating new nodes without connecting those nodes with beams or plates.
It is worth noting that the purpose of the previous four steps was to merely create the four nodes. Consequently, any of the several methods available in the program could have been used to create those nodes.
Select the points which form the boundary of the superelement from which the individual elements will be created. The four points we just created are those four points. So, let us click at the four node points in succession as shown below. Lastly, close the loop by clicking at the start node or the first clicked point again. Select the Quadrilateral Meshing option and click OK. The Select Meshing Parameters dialog as we saw earlier in Method 3 , comes up.
Notice that this time however, the data for the four corners is automatically filled in. The program used the coordinates of the four nodes we selected to define A, B, C, and D.
Provide the Bias and the Divisions of the model as shown in the figure below. Click Apply. Press the ESC key to exit the mesh generating mode. The property required for plates is the plate thickness or the thickness at each node of elements if the slab has a varying thickness. Click Thickness…. The dialog shown below comes up. Let us provide the plate thickness as 30cm. Notice that the field called Material is presently on the checked mode.
To see those default values, click Materials in the dialog shown in the previous figure. Since we want to assign just the default values, let us keep the Material box in the checked mode itself. Then, click Add followed by the Close button as shown below. Since we want the thickness to be applied to all elements of the structure, let us select the Assignment Method called Assign to View and then click Assign as shown in the above figure.
The following message dialog opens. Click the Yes button to confirm. Click anywhere in the drawing area to un-highlight the selected entities. We do this only as a safety precaution. When an entity is highlighted, clicking on any Assign option is liable to cause an undesired attribute to be assigned to that entity.
However, when modeled as plate elements, the supports can be specified only at the nodes along those edges, and not at any point between the nodes.
It hence becomes apparent that if one is keen on better modelling the edge conditions, the slab would have to be modeled using a larger number of elements. To create supports, select the Support Page tool located in the Structure Tools toolbar as shown below. Figure Alternatively, one may go to the General Support page from the left side of the screen. For easy identification of the nodes where we wish to place the supports, toggle the display of the Node Numbers on. Since we already know that nodes 1, 2, 5, 7, 4 and 10 are to be associated with the Fixed support, using the Nodes Cursor , select these nodes.
The Fixed tab happens to be the default which is convenient for this case. Click Assign as shown below. Graphical model generation utilities as well as text editor based commands for creating the mathematical model. Beam and column members are represented using lines. Walls, slabs and panel type entities are represented using triangular and quadrilateral finite elements. Solid blocks are represented using brick elements. These utilities allow the user to create the geometry, assign properties, orient cross sections as desired, assign materials like steel, concrete, timber, aluminum, specify supports, apply loads explicitly as well as have the program generate loads, design parameters etc.
Analysis engines for performing linear elastic and pdelta analysis, finite element analysis, frequency extraction, and dynamic response spectrum, time history, steady state, etc. Design engines for code checking and optimization of steel, aluminum and timber members. Reinforcement calculations for concrete beams, columns, slabs and shear walls. Design of shear and moment connections for steel members. Result viewing, result verification and report generation tools for examining displacement diagrams, bending moment and shear force diagrams, beam, plate and solid stress contours, etc.
Peripheral tools for activities like import and export of data from and to other widely accepted formats, links with other popular softwares for niche areas like reinforced and prestressed concrete slab design, footing design, steel connection design, etc. Pro consists of a set of manuals as described below. These manuals are normally provided only in the electronic format, with perhaps some exceptions such as the Getting Started Manual which may be supplied as a printed book to first time and new-version buyers.
Users who wish to obtain a printed copy of the books may contact Research Engineers. REI also supplies the manuals in the PDF format at no cost for those who wish to print them on their own.
See the back cover of this book for addresses and phone numbers. Pro package, computer system requirements, installation process, copy protection issues and a description on how to run the programs in the package. Tutorials that provide detailed and step-by-step explanation on using the programs are also provided.
The examples represent various structural analyses and design problems commonly encountered by structural engineers. The topics covered include model generation, structural analysis and design, result verification, and report generation. Pro Extension component s is available separately. Introduction 2. Hardware Requirements 3. Pro CD 4.
Installation 5. Copy Protection Device 6. Pro 7. Running Sectionwizard 9. Running Mesher. Pro is an analysis and design software package for structural engineering. This manual is intended to guide users who are new to this software as well as experienced users who want specific information on the basics of using the program. The tutorials guide a user through the processes of: Creating a structural model.
This consists of generating the structural geometry, specifying member properties, material constants, loads, analysis and design specifications, etc. Visualization and verification of the model geometry Running the STAAD analysis engine to perform analysis and design Verification of results - graphically and numerically Report generation and printing Inter-operability.
Hardware RequirementsThe following requirements are suggested minimums. Systems with increased capacity provide enhanced performance. PC with Intel-Pentium or equivalent. Graphics card and monitor with x resolution, color display 16 bit high color recommended.
Windows NT 4. The program works best on Windows and XP operating systems. Sufficient free space on the hard disk to hold the program and data files.
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